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The nematode of pine wood (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)

The nematode of pine wood (OWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is causing the condition commonly known as "Pine Wilt Disease."

This nematode is transmitted from one tree to another by insects of the genus Monochamus ( Coleoptera: Cerambicidae ). It is also possible to transmit over long distances in transportation of timber in the presence of the nematode.

The B. xylophilus has two different ways to make your cycle, a phase called propagative or micófaga and other phytophagous or dispersion phase. These phases are mainly in the type of transmission, either by oviposition propagative phase, or supply for the dispersion. In both cases transmission of nematodes from one tree to another is carried by insects of the genus Cerambycidae Monochamus spp. In our geographic area the species responsible for this transmission is Monochamus galloprovincialis.

The Monochamus spp have one generation per year although in some cases may require two years to complete its entire life cycle. Adults emerge from late May to late August. These are directed to the branches with new buds where they feed for 10 to 15 days to get sexual maturity. If Monochamus is infected with nematode This complements the propagative phase or phytophagous.

Once sexually mature are attracted to weakened trees or freshly cut wood, for oviposition. Females with their jaws dig conical holes where they lay an egg. In the adult usually live an average of 83 days during which get between 40 and 215 eggs. If the insect had been infected with these nematodes penetrate the wood to feed on the fungi of the same (or micófaga propagative phase).

The Monochamus hibernation, usually takes the form of larvae inside the wood. In May it pupation place in a chamber inside the timber, after which the adults emerge to complete their life cycle. Shortly before emergence, the pupa infected nematodes to spread to adults.

Early symptoms displayed in pines affected by the nematode, is a amarilleamento and subsequent dry needles, branches mainly in the upper third subsequently spreading to the entire tree . In a relatively short (1 to 3 months) cup yellow needles has a provision similar to a straight plume, showing a significant loss of follaxe; until finally the tree dies.

sintomatoloxía

This is caused by colonization of resin canals per B. xylophilus where it feeds on the epithelial cells lining and the surrounding parenchyma. The destruction of the host tree resin canals quickly prevents the flow of resin, this can be checked by artificial wounds on branches and trunks. This is followed by a drop of perspiration on the needles, causing dry and color loss in the affected trees. Rapid increases in population of nematodes Once stopped the flow of resin, cause the death of sick pines.

On Monochamus spp., We highlight the damage done during the larval feeding galleries in the sapwood causing well as holes in the wood, which the economically depreciated. Oviposition takes place only in newly felled trees or those under stress conditions. The symptoms described are not unique to B. xylophilus and the other may be due to pathological problems or the different physiological changes, so you should always perform the corresponding analysis official laboratories.

This nematode is native to North America (Canada, USA, Mexico). In the early twentieth century appeared in Japan, causing serious losses still continue to represent the order of one million m3 of timber per year. This condition also reached other Asian countries like China, Taiwan and Korea also causing significant damage.

For this danger the Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is considered a quarantine organism in the European Union as envisaged 77/93/CENE Directive on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread.

Portuguese parishes that have detected the presence of nematodes (1999 - 2010)

In 1999, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was first detected in Europe specifically in Setúbal (Portugal).

Since the detection of nematode of pine wood, Portugal has implemented an eradication program in demarcated areas of the country. However, in 2008 the appearance of infected pine trees outside of these areas made the Union Recrudiera European demands as control. In addition, intensified the obligation of member states, and especially by proximity in the case of Spain, to carry out actions to prevent the entry of the nematode in its borders, and developed very strict measures to control the timber trade. Portugal was considered a quarantine area and for export, the wood of susceptible species should be accompanied by a plant passport and in the case of derivatives of the same must comply with International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures ISPM-15 .

since the implementation of control measures in Spain were found positive in Sierra Pine God the Father in Extremadura (Fall 2008) and a few days ago another specimen from As Neves and Salvaterra de Miño in Galicia, near the Portuguese border. Fight

: Usually

measures for the control and eradication of the nematode includes the following sizes:

• inspections and sampling of a network of points and directions in forest stands of susceptible species with intensity variable sampling by risk. In this sampling, special attention is given to masses in decay, in bodies affected by forest fires in the vicinity of roads and sensitive material in the environment of processing facilities
• timber inspection and sample collection in facilities for primary processing industries of wood
• establishment of areas in which they have verified the absence of the organism.
• Demarcation of forest areas which has revealed the presence of the organism (known as demarcated areas). These include the focus, which will destroy all infected plant material and sensitive, and partly to act as a security or buffer zone, an overall width not less than 20 miles.

in Japan in 1975 he began a breeding program for selection of resistant varieties. To date 204 identifier will be clones of Pinus densiflora and 90 clones of Pinus thunbergii

League:

resolution of 17 November 2010, the Directorate General of Agricultural Production, by which states on the territory of the Autonomous Community of Galicia to the organism quarantine Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (pinewood nematode) and start ordering the measures for its eradication.

Xunta de Galicia - Contingency plan against him nematode (2009)
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